Clauses, Conjunctions & Relative Structures

Teaching points

• • because + clause; because of + noun/-ing.
• • although/even though + clause = contrast.
• • despite/in spite of + noun/-ing = contrast.
• • so = result; so that = purpose.
• • who = person as subject; whom = person as object in formal use; whose = possession; which = things.
• • Reduced relatives: documents submitted yesterday = documents that were submitted yesterday.
• • STEP trap: choose by structure as well as meaning.

- because بعدها جملة، و because of بعدها اسم أو ing. - although/even though بعدها جملة وتعبر عن التناقض. - despite/in spite of بعدها اسم أو ing. - so للنتيجة، و so that للهدف. - who للفاعل العاقل، whom للمفعول العاقل في الاستعمال الرسمي، whose للملكية، which لغير العاقل. - يمكن اختصار بعض الجمل الموصولة مثل submitted = that were submitted. - فخ STEP: راقب المعنى والتركيب معاً.

Examples

• • We stayed inside because it was raining.
• • We stayed inside because of the rain.
• • Although the task was difficult, she completed it.
• • The report submitted yesterday needs revision.

Practice

Quick check — اختبار سريع

1. 1. _____ the heavy traffic, we arrived on time. A. Although B. Because C. Despite D. Since